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Sino Biological expression plasmid pcmv3 msnx10 ha
Expression Plasmid Pcmv3 Msnx10 Ha, supplied by Sino Biological, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 31 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Average 93 stars, based on 31 article reviews

expression plasmid pcmv3 msnx10 ha - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05

93/100 stars

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Illustration of the PiggyBac system for exogenous DNA insertion into the human genome After the co-transfection of the PiggyBac transposase expression plasmid and PiggyBac cloning and expression vector, the expressed PiggyBac transposase cut the Ins, Insulator. ITR, inverted terminal repeat. Adapted from the website of System Biosciences.

Journal: STAR Protocols

Article Title: Protocol to identify SINE-VNTR-Alu regulators using genome-wide screening in human K562 cells

doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104468

Figure Lengend Snippet: Illustration of the PiggyBac system for exogenous DNA insertion into the human genome After the co-transfection of the PiggyBac transposase expression plasmid and PiggyBac cloning and expression vector, the expressed PiggyBac transposase cut the Ins, Insulator. ITR, inverted terminal repeat. Adapted from the website of System Biosciences.

Article Snippet: Obtain PiggyBac transposase expression plasmid from System Biosciences (Cat# PB210PA-1).

Techniques: Cotransfection, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Cloning

The map of PiggyBac cloning and expression plasmid The schematic illustrates a plasmid backbone containing an ampicillin resistance marker, a multiple cloning site (MCS) for insertion of the desired expression cassette, and an SV40 polyadenylation signal to facilitate proper transcriptional termination.

Journal: STAR Protocols

Article Title: Protocol to identify SINE-VNTR-Alu regulators using genome-wide screening in human K562 cells

doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104468

Figure Lengend Snippet: The map of PiggyBac cloning and expression plasmid The schematic illustrates a plasmid backbone containing an ampicillin resistance marker, a multiple cloning site (MCS) for insertion of the desired expression cassette, and an SV40 polyadenylation signal to facilitate proper transcriptional termination.

Article Snippet: Obtain PiggyBac transposase expression plasmid from System Biosciences (Cat# PB210PA-1).

Techniques: Cloning, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Marker

FACS analysis showed the GFP+ cell percentage after plasmid transfection The transfection of PiggyBac-SVA-GFP-pA and PiggyBac-SVA-AAA-GFP-pA into HEK293T cells can produce a GFP+ cell population, while the transfection of PiggyBac-SVA-A-GFP-pA and PiggyBac-SVA-AA-GFP-pA cannot, indicating the frame shift of translation.

Journal: STAR Protocols

Article Title: Protocol to identify SINE-VNTR-Alu regulators using genome-wide screening in human K562 cells

doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104468

Figure Lengend Snippet: FACS analysis showed the GFP+ cell percentage after plasmid transfection The transfection of PiggyBac-SVA-GFP-pA and PiggyBac-SVA-AAA-GFP-pA into HEK293T cells can produce a GFP+ cell population, while the transfection of PiggyBac-SVA-A-GFP-pA and PiggyBac-SVA-AA-GFP-pA cannot, indicating the frame shift of translation.

Article Snippet: Obtain PiggyBac transposase expression plasmid from System Biosciences (Cat# PB210PA-1).

Techniques: Plasmid Preparation, Transfection

(A) Confocal images of HEK293T cells expressing GFP-LRRC8B (WT) or Y380S Mutant, co-stained with ER-Tracker, Mito-Tracker, and Hoechst. Merged images show ER and mitochondrial localization. Scale bar: 10 µm. (B) Whole-cell patch clamp analysis of current density–voltage relationships under isotonic and hypotonic conditions. No significant differences at +100 mV (mean ± SEM, N = 4; one-way ANOVA, ns). (C) Cell viability (MTT) in GFP(Ctrl), LRRC8B WT, LRRC8BY380S (Mut), siControl (Scr), and siLRRC8B (KD) cells (mean ± SEM, N = 3; one-way ANOVA, ****p < 0.0001). (D) LRRC8B knockdown validated by Western blot and densitometry normalized to actin (mean ± SEM, N = 3; unpaired t-test, **p < 0.01).

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neuropsychiatric disease-associated mutation in LRRC8B disrupts cellular Ca²⁺ signaling, mitochondrial function, and bioenergetics

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.16.718892

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Confocal images of HEK293T cells expressing GFP-LRRC8B (WT) or Y380S Mutant, co-stained with ER-Tracker, Mito-Tracker, and Hoechst. Merged images show ER and mitochondrial localization. Scale bar: 10 µm. (B) Whole-cell patch clamp analysis of current density–voltage relationships under isotonic and hypotonic conditions. No significant differences at +100 mV (mean ± SEM, N = 4; one-way ANOVA, ns). (C) Cell viability (MTT) in GFP(Ctrl), LRRC8B WT, LRRC8BY380S (Mut), siControl (Scr), and siLRRC8B (KD) cells (mean ± SEM, N = 3; one-way ANOVA, ****p < 0.0001). (D) LRRC8B knockdown validated by Western blot and densitometry normalized to actin (mean ± SEM, N = 3; unpaired t-test, **p < 0.01).

Article Snippet: The plasmid encoding GFP-tagged human LRRC8B (HG24935-ACG; Sino Biological Inc, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Mutagenesis, Staining, Patch Clamp, Knockdown, Western Blot

(A) Representative traces of ER luminal Ca²⁺ decay after SERCA inhibition with 1 µM thapsigargin in nominally Ca²⁺-free solution, measured using R-CEPIA1er (normalized fluorescence). GFP(Ctrl) and scrambled siRNA (Scr) cells served as controls. (B) Quantification of t₁/₂ (time to 50% decay). LRRC8B Y380S (mut) cells did not reach t₁/₂ within 240 s (∼44% decay) and were excluded. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 15–30 cells, 3 independent experiments (N)); one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (**p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001). (C–D) Representative CytoRCaMP traces after histamine stimulation in GFP (Ctrl), LRRC8B WT, LRRC8B Y380S (Mut) (C), and siControl (Scr) vs. siLRRC8B (KD) cells (D). Mutant cells show enhanced cytosolic Ca²⁺ peaks. (E) Peak cytosolic Ca²⁺ responses (fold change in CytoRCaMP). Mean ± SEM (n = 40–70 cells, N=4); one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). (F) Basal cytosolic Ca²⁺ levels measured by fura-2 (340/380 ratio). Mean ± SEM (n = 30–80 cells, N=3); one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neuropsychiatric disease-associated mutation in LRRC8B disrupts cellular Ca²⁺ signaling, mitochondrial function, and bioenergetics

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.16.718892

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative traces of ER luminal Ca²⁺ decay after SERCA inhibition with 1 µM thapsigargin in nominally Ca²⁺-free solution, measured using R-CEPIA1er (normalized fluorescence). GFP(Ctrl) and scrambled siRNA (Scr) cells served as controls. (B) Quantification of t₁/₂ (time to 50% decay). LRRC8B Y380S (mut) cells did not reach t₁/₂ within 240 s (∼44% decay) and were excluded. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 15–30 cells, 3 independent experiments (N)); one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (**p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001). (C–D) Representative CytoRCaMP traces after histamine stimulation in GFP (Ctrl), LRRC8B WT, LRRC8B Y380S (Mut) (C), and siControl (Scr) vs. siLRRC8B (KD) cells (D). Mutant cells show enhanced cytosolic Ca²⁺ peaks. (E) Peak cytosolic Ca²⁺ responses (fold change in CytoRCaMP). Mean ± SEM (n = 40–70 cells, N=4); one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). (F) Basal cytosolic Ca²⁺ levels measured by fura-2 (340/380 ratio). Mean ± SEM (n = 30–80 cells, N=3); one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).

Article Snippet: The plasmid encoding GFP-tagged human LRRC8B (HG24935-ACG; Sino Biological Inc, USA).

Techniques: Inhibition, Fluorescence, Mutagenesis

(A) Representative traces of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake (R-CEPIA3mt) following histamine stimulation in cells expressing GFP (Ctrl), LRRC8B WT, or LRRC8B Y380S (Mut), shown as normalized fluorescence over time. Bar graph depicts peak responses. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 12–30 cells per condition; N = 3). One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (B) Representative traces and quantification of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake after histamine stimulation in cells treated with siControl (Scr) or siLRRC8B (KD). Data are mean ± SEM (n = 12–30 cells per condition; N = 3). Unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test; **p < 0.01. (C) Representative traces and quantification of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake following 5 µM ionomycin stimulation in cells expressing GFP (Ctrl), LRRC8B WT, or LRRC8B Y380S (Mut). Data are mean ± SEM (n = 30–50 cells per condition; N = 3). One-way ANOVA; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. (D) Representative traces and quantification of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake after ionomycin stimulation in siControl (Scr) or siLRRC8B siRNA (KD)-treated cells. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 30–50 cells per condition; N = 3). Unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test; **p < 0.01.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neuropsychiatric disease-associated mutation in LRRC8B disrupts cellular Ca²⁺ signaling, mitochondrial function, and bioenergetics

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.16.718892

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative traces of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake (R-CEPIA3mt) following histamine stimulation in cells expressing GFP (Ctrl), LRRC8B WT, or LRRC8B Y380S (Mut), shown as normalized fluorescence over time. Bar graph depicts peak responses. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 12–30 cells per condition; N = 3). One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (B) Representative traces and quantification of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake after histamine stimulation in cells treated with siControl (Scr) or siLRRC8B (KD). Data are mean ± SEM (n = 12–30 cells per condition; N = 3). Unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test; **p < 0.01. (C) Representative traces and quantification of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake following 5 µM ionomycin stimulation in cells expressing GFP (Ctrl), LRRC8B WT, or LRRC8B Y380S (Mut). Data are mean ± SEM (n = 30–50 cells per condition; N = 3). One-way ANOVA; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. (D) Representative traces and quantification of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake after ionomycin stimulation in siControl (Scr) or siLRRC8B siRNA (KD)-treated cells. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 30–50 cells per condition; N = 3). Unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test; **p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: The plasmid encoding GFP-tagged human LRRC8B (HG24935-ACG; Sino Biological Inc, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Fluorescence, Two Tailed Test

(A–B) Representative TMRE traces showing mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ m ) after FCCP treatment in cells expressing (A) GFP (ctrl), LRRC8B wildtype (WT), or LRRC8B Y380S (Mut), and (B) siControl (Scr) or siLRRC8B (KD). (C) Percentage decrease in TMRE fluorescence following FCCP (mean ± SEM; n = 25–50 cells/condition, N = 3). (D) Representative MitoSOX images indicating mitochondrial superoxide levels in GFP (ctrl), LRRC8B WT, LRRC8B Y380S (Mut), siControl (Scr) and siLRRC8B (KD) cells. Scale bar, 20 μm. (E) Quantification of MitoSOX fluorescence (a.u.) (mean ± SEM; n = 30–100 cells/condition, N = 3). (F) RT–qPCR analysis of antioxidant genes (Catalase, SOD2, GPX1). LRRC8B WT significantly increased transcript levels compared to controls (mean ± SEM; N = 3). Statistics: One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test; **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001; ns, not significant.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neuropsychiatric disease-associated mutation in LRRC8B disrupts cellular Ca²⁺ signaling, mitochondrial function, and bioenergetics

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.16.718892

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–B) Representative TMRE traces showing mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ m ) after FCCP treatment in cells expressing (A) GFP (ctrl), LRRC8B wildtype (WT), or LRRC8B Y380S (Mut), and (B) siControl (Scr) or siLRRC8B (KD). (C) Percentage decrease in TMRE fluorescence following FCCP (mean ± SEM; n = 25–50 cells/condition, N = 3). (D) Representative MitoSOX images indicating mitochondrial superoxide levels in GFP (ctrl), LRRC8B WT, LRRC8B Y380S (Mut), siControl (Scr) and siLRRC8B (KD) cells. Scale bar, 20 μm. (E) Quantification of MitoSOX fluorescence (a.u.) (mean ± SEM; n = 30–100 cells/condition, N = 3). (F) RT–qPCR analysis of antioxidant genes (Catalase, SOD2, GPX1). LRRC8B WT significantly increased transcript levels compared to controls (mean ± SEM; N = 3). Statistics: One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test; **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: The plasmid encoding GFP-tagged human LRRC8B (HG24935-ACG; Sino Biological Inc, USA).

Techniques: Membrane, Expressing, Fluorescence, Quantitative RT-PCR

(A) OCR traces following sequential injections of oligomycin, FCCP, and rotenone/antimycin A in control(ctrl), LRRC8B wildtype (WT), and LRRC8B Y380S (Mut) expressing cells. Quantification shows that LRRC8B Mutant reduces basal respiration, ATP production, and maximal respiration, while increasing non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption. (B) OCR traces in siControl(scr) and siLRRC8B (KD) cells with corresponding quantification. Knockdown does not affect basal respiration or ATP production, but decreases maximal respiration and increases non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Data are mean ± SEM (N = 3). ns, not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neuropsychiatric disease-associated mutation in LRRC8B disrupts cellular Ca²⁺ signaling, mitochondrial function, and bioenergetics

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.16.718892

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) OCR traces following sequential injections of oligomycin, FCCP, and rotenone/antimycin A in control(ctrl), LRRC8B wildtype (WT), and LRRC8B Y380S (Mut) expressing cells. Quantification shows that LRRC8B Mutant reduces basal respiration, ATP production, and maximal respiration, while increasing non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption. (B) OCR traces in siControl(scr) and siLRRC8B (KD) cells with corresponding quantification. Knockdown does not affect basal respiration or ATP production, but decreases maximal respiration and increases non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Data are mean ± SEM (N = 3). ns, not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The plasmid encoding GFP-tagged human LRRC8B (HG24935-ACG; Sino Biological Inc, USA).

Techniques: Control, Expressing, Mutagenesis, Knockdown

Diagram illustrating the membrane topology of LRRC8B, comprising 803 amino acids and four transmembrane domains (TM1: residues 26–46; TM2: 120–140; TM3: 262–282; TM4: 308–328). Both N- and C-termini are oriented toward the cytosol. The Y380S mutation (indicated by a red star) is located in the cytosolic region, proximal to the leucine-rich repeat domain (LRRD; residues 463–803), which contains 13 leucine-rich repeats. (Created in https://BioRender.com )

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neuropsychiatric disease-associated mutation in LRRC8B disrupts cellular Ca²⁺ signaling, mitochondrial function, and bioenergetics

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.16.718892

Figure Lengend Snippet: Diagram illustrating the membrane topology of LRRC8B, comprising 803 amino acids and four transmembrane domains (TM1: residues 26–46; TM2: 120–140; TM3: 262–282; TM4: 308–328). Both N- and C-termini are oriented toward the cytosol. The Y380S mutation (indicated by a red star) is located in the cytosolic region, proximal to the leucine-rich repeat domain (LRRD; residues 463–803), which contains 13 leucine-rich repeats. (Created in https://BioRender.com )

Article Snippet: The plasmid encoding GFP-tagged human LRRC8B (HG24935-ACG; Sino Biological Inc, USA).

Techniques: Membrane, Mutagenesis

Multiple sequence alignment showing conservation of the tyrosine residue (Y380) in LRRC8B across human LRRC8 paralogs (LRRC8A, LRRC8C, LRRC8D, and LRRC8E) and among different species, including human, mouse, rat, and bovine. The conserved tyrosine residue is highlighted in red. Asterisks indicate fully conserved residues across sequences.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neuropsychiatric disease-associated mutation in LRRC8B disrupts cellular Ca²⁺ signaling, mitochondrial function, and bioenergetics

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.16.718892

Figure Lengend Snippet: Multiple sequence alignment showing conservation of the tyrosine residue (Y380) in LRRC8B across human LRRC8 paralogs (LRRC8A, LRRC8C, LRRC8D, and LRRC8E) and among different species, including human, mouse, rat, and bovine. The conserved tyrosine residue is highlighted in red. Asterisks indicate fully conserved residues across sequences.

Article Snippet: The plasmid encoding GFP-tagged human LRRC8B (HG24935-ACG; Sino Biological Inc, USA).

Techniques: Sequencing, Residue

Volcano plot showing LC–MS/MS–based proteomic analysis of GFP pull-down samples from HEK293T cells expressing GFP-tagged wild-type (WT) or mutant LRRC8B. The x-axis represents log₂ fold change (mutant vs WT), and the y-axis shows −log₁₀ adjusted p-value. Proteins enriched in WT samples are shown on the left, while those enriched in mutant samples are shown on the right. Selected significantly enriched proteins are labeled. VDAC1 is identified as a WT-enriched interactor.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neuropsychiatric disease-associated mutation in LRRC8B disrupts cellular Ca²⁺ signaling, mitochondrial function, and bioenergetics

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.16.718892

Figure Lengend Snippet: Volcano plot showing LC–MS/MS–based proteomic analysis of GFP pull-down samples from HEK293T cells expressing GFP-tagged wild-type (WT) or mutant LRRC8B. The x-axis represents log₂ fold change (mutant vs WT), and the y-axis shows −log₁₀ adjusted p-value. Proteins enriched in WT samples are shown on the left, while those enriched in mutant samples are shown on the right. Selected significantly enriched proteins are labeled. VDAC1 is identified as a WT-enriched interactor.

Article Snippet: The plasmid encoding GFP-tagged human LRRC8B (HG24935-ACG; Sino Biological Inc, USA).

Techniques: Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Expressing, Mutagenesis, Labeling

$(A–B) Immunoblot analysis of VDAC in whole-cell lysates (A) and mitochondrial fractions (B) from cells expressing LRRC8B wildtype (WT) or LRRC8B Y380S (Mut). (C) Densitometric quantification (normalized to actin) shows no difference in VDAC levels between conditions (mean ± SEM, N = 3; unpaired two-tailed t-test, ns). (D) Input blots confirm comparable expression of LRRC8B WT and LRRC8B Mutant. (E–F) Co-immunoprecipitation of LRRC8B-GFP (WT or mutant) followed by VDAC immunoblotting shows reduced VDAC association with LRRC8B Mutant. Quantification normalized to immunoprecipitated LRRC8B-GFP confirms this decrease (mean ± SEM, N = 3–4; unpaired two-tailed t-test, ***p < 0.001).$

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neuropsychiatric disease-associated mutation in LRRC8B disrupts cellular Ca²⁺ signaling, mitochondrial function, and bioenergetics

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.16.718892

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–B) Immunoblot analysis of VDAC in whole-cell lysates (A) and mitochondrial fractions (B) from cells expressing LRRC8B wildtype (WT) or LRRC8B Y380S (Mut). (C) Densitometric quantification (normalized to actin) shows no difference in VDAC levels between conditions (mean ± SEM, N = 3; unpaired two-tailed t-test, ns). (D) Input blots confirm comparable expression of LRRC8B WT and LRRC8B Mutant. (E–F) Co-immunoprecipitation of LRRC8B-GFP (WT or mutant) followed by VDAC immunoblotting shows reduced VDAC association with LRRC8B Mutant. Quantification normalized to immunoprecipitated LRRC8B-GFP confirms this decrease (mean ± SEM, N = 3–4; unpaired two-tailed t-test, ***p < 0.001).

Article Snippet: The plasmid encoding GFP-tagged human LRRC8B (HG24935-ACG; Sino Biological Inc, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Two Tailed Test, Mutagenesis, Immunoprecipitation

$Representative immunoblot images showing VDAC protein levels in total cell lysates and isolated mitochondrial fractions from cells transfected with GFP-tagged LRRC8B WT (W) or mutant Y380S (M) constructs. Actin (∼42 kDa) is included as a loading control for total lysates. Red boxes indicate the regions that were cropped and presented in the main figures. Molecular weight markers are shown where applicable.$

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neuropsychiatric disease-associated mutation in LRRC8B disrupts cellular Ca²⁺ signaling, mitochondrial function, and bioenergetics

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.16.718892

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative immunoblot images showing VDAC protein levels in total cell lysates and isolated mitochondrial fractions from cells transfected with GFP-tagged LRRC8B WT (W) or mutant Y380S (M) constructs. Actin (∼42 kDa) is included as a loading control for total lysates. Red boxes indicate the regions that were cropped and presented in the main figures. Molecular weight markers are shown where applicable.

Article Snippet: The plasmid encoding GFP-tagged human LRRC8B (HG24935-ACG; Sino Biological Inc, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Isolation, Transfection, Mutagenesis, Construct, Control, Molecular Weight

(A) Representative immunoblot images showing protein levels of GFP-tagged LRRC8B (WT and mutant) and VDAC in input lysates used for pull-down assays. (B–C) Immunoblot analysis of four independent immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments. Bands at ∼120 kDa confirm successful pull-down of GFP-tagged LRRC8B (WT and mutant) using an anti-GFP antibody. VDAC (∼32 kDa) bands indicate co-precipitation of VDAC with LRRC8B WT and mutant proteins. VDAC levels were normalized to the corresponding LRRC8B (WT or mutant) levels for quantification. Red boxes highlight the regions that were cropped and presented in the main figures. Molecular weight markers are shown where applicable.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neuropsychiatric disease-associated mutation in LRRC8B disrupts cellular Ca²⁺ signaling, mitochondrial function, and bioenergetics

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.16.718892

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative immunoblot images showing protein levels of GFP-tagged LRRC8B (WT and mutant) and VDAC in input lysates used for pull-down assays. (B–C) Immunoblot analysis of four independent immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments. Bands at ∼120 kDa confirm successful pull-down of GFP-tagged LRRC8B (WT and mutant) using an anti-GFP antibody. VDAC (∼32 kDa) bands indicate co-precipitation of VDAC with LRRC8B WT and mutant proteins. VDAC levels were normalized to the corresponding LRRC8B (WT or mutant) levels for quantification. Red boxes highlight the regions that were cropped and presented in the main figures. Molecular weight markers are shown where applicable.

Article Snippet: The plasmid encoding GFP-tagged human LRRC8B (HG24935-ACG; Sino Biological Inc, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Mutagenesis, Immunoprecipitation, Molecular Weight

Hypothesis and experiment system (A) We hypothesize that vertical and horizontal gene transfer (VGT and HGT) are influenced by the characteristics of the potential recipient cell types and determine the proliferation and diversity of transconjugant cells. Because the potential recipient community comprises multiple cell types with varying growth traits and conjugation probabilities, we expect the resulting composition of transconjugant cells to be shaped by these cell type-specific traits. (B) Our experimental system consists of E . coli MG1655 lacI q -pLpp-mCherry as the plasmid donor strain and pB10 as the focal plasmid. pB10 donor cells express RFP from the chromosome and transconjugants express GFP from pB10.

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Horizontal and vertical gene transfer shape the plasmid host range in surface-associated microbial systems

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115299

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hypothesis and experiment system (A) We hypothesize that vertical and horizontal gene transfer (VGT and HGT) are influenced by the characteristics of the potential recipient cell types and determine the proliferation and diversity of transconjugant cells. Because the potential recipient community comprises multiple cell types with varying growth traits and conjugation probabilities, we expect the resulting composition of transconjugant cells to be shaped by these cell type-specific traits. (B) Our experimental system consists of E . coli MG1655 lacI q -pLpp-mCherry as the plasmid donor strain and pB10 as the focal plasmid. pB10 donor cells express RFP from the chromosome and transconjugants express GFP from pB10.

Article Snippet: MBP- mCherry expression plasmid (Amp R ) , Addgene , Plasmid# 29747.

Techniques: Conjugation Assay, Plasmid Preparation

Transconjugant proportions and diversities after surface-associated conjugation assays for different environmental conditions (A) Proportion of transconjugant cells relative to total cells after surface-associated conjugation assays using the WWTP community as the potential recipient cell population. We conducted conjugation assays on 1×SWW, 10×SWW, or LB agar plates using E . coli MG1655 lacI q -pLpp-mCherry as the pB10 donor strain. (B) Relative abundances of bacterial class in the total potential recipient cell population (T) and the transconjugant cell population (TC) as identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We separated and identified TC cells using FC-FACS-sorting of GFP-positive cells. (C) Normalized Shannon index of the transconjugant populations after surface-associated conjugation assays on 1×SWW, 10×SWW, or LB agar plates. We normalized the Shannon index of the TC populations to their corresponding T populations. (D) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on weighted UniFrac distances of T and TC populations after surface-associated conjugation assays on 1×SWW, 10×SWW, or LB agar plates. (E) Phylogenetic tree of transconjugant ASVs detected after surface-associated conjugation assays on 1×SWW, 10×SWW, or LB agar plates. The outer colored box denotes the bacterial phylum of each ASV, corresponding to the phylum-level groupings shown in panel (B). The inner heatmap box aligned with each tip shows the log 10 fold-changes in ASV abundance (TC relative to T) across the three conditions. For (A and C), each point is an independent biological replicate ( n = 3), horizontal bars are the means, error bars are ±1 standard deviation, and asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between the means based on two-way ANOVA with Holm correction (∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, ns = not significant). For (D), each point is an independent biological replicate ( n = 3).

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Horizontal and vertical gene transfer shape the plasmid host range in surface-associated microbial systems

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115299

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transconjugant proportions and diversities after surface-associated conjugation assays for different environmental conditions (A) Proportion of transconjugant cells relative to total cells after surface-associated conjugation assays using the WWTP community as the potential recipient cell population. We conducted conjugation assays on 1×SWW, 10×SWW, or LB agar plates using E . coli MG1655 lacI q -pLpp-mCherry as the pB10 donor strain. (B) Relative abundances of bacterial class in the total potential recipient cell population (T) and the transconjugant cell population (TC) as identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We separated and identified TC cells using FC-FACS-sorting of GFP-positive cells. (C) Normalized Shannon index of the transconjugant populations after surface-associated conjugation assays on 1×SWW, 10×SWW, or LB agar plates. We normalized the Shannon index of the TC populations to their corresponding T populations. (D) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on weighted UniFrac distances of T and TC populations after surface-associated conjugation assays on 1×SWW, 10×SWW, or LB agar plates. (E) Phylogenetic tree of transconjugant ASVs detected after surface-associated conjugation assays on 1×SWW, 10×SWW, or LB agar plates. The outer colored box denotes the bacterial phylum of each ASV, corresponding to the phylum-level groupings shown in panel (B). The inner heatmap box aligned with each tip shows the log 10 fold-changes in ASV abundance (TC relative to T) across the three conditions. For (A and C), each point is an independent biological replicate ( n = 3), horizontal bars are the means, error bars are ±1 standard deviation, and asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between the means based on two-way ANOVA with Holm correction (∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, ns = not significant). For (D), each point is an independent biological replicate ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: MBP- mCherry expression plasmid (Amp R ) , Addgene , Plasmid# 29747.

Techniques: Conjugation Assay, Sequencing, Standard Deviation

Transconjugant growth during surface-associated conjugation assays for different environmental conditions (A) Representative fluorescence microscopy images of transconjugant cells during surface-associated conjugation assays on LB agar plates. E . coli MG1655 lacI q -pLpp-mCherry is the pB10 donor strain and show red fluorescence. Transconjugant cells are green. The time indicated in the images refers to the point at which transconjugant cells first became detectable. (B) Normalized microcolony area ( A / a 0 ) plotted as a function of time during the surface-associated conjugation assays on LB agar plates. A is the total microcolony area and a 0 is the initial transconjugant area. Connected data points are for individual colonies ( n = 12). (C) Microcolony area at the endpoint of the mating assay (t = 24 h) for different environmental conditions. The half-violin and scatterplots present the sample distribution and individual microcolony measurements for surface-associated conjugation assays on different medium (n 1xSWW = 880, n 10xSWW = 664, n LB = 1,070, for microcolony number). We performed each experiment at least three independent experiments. Horizontal bars are the mean microcolony areas, error bars are the 99% confidence intervals, and asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between the means based on two-way ANOVA with Holm correction (∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, ns = not significant).

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Horizontal and vertical gene transfer shape the plasmid host range in surface-associated microbial systems

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115299

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transconjugant growth during surface-associated conjugation assays for different environmental conditions (A) Representative fluorescence microscopy images of transconjugant cells during surface-associated conjugation assays on LB agar plates. E . coli MG1655 lacI q -pLpp-mCherry is the pB10 donor strain and show red fluorescence. Transconjugant cells are green. The time indicated in the images refers to the point at which transconjugant cells first became detectable. (B) Normalized microcolony area ( A / a 0 ) plotted as a function of time during the surface-associated conjugation assays on LB agar plates. A is the total microcolony area and a 0 is the initial transconjugant area. Connected data points are for individual colonies ( n = 12). (C) Microcolony area at the endpoint of the mating assay (t = 24 h) for different environmental conditions. The half-violin and scatterplots present the sample distribution and individual microcolony measurements for surface-associated conjugation assays on different medium (n 1xSWW = 880, n 10xSWW = 664, n LB = 1,070, for microcolony number). We performed each experiment at least three independent experiments. Horizontal bars are the mean microcolony areas, error bars are the 99% confidence intervals, and asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between the means based on two-way ANOVA with Holm correction (∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, ns = not significant).

Article Snippet: MBP- mCherry expression plasmid (Amp R ) , Addgene , Plasmid# 29747.

Techniques: Conjugation Assay, Fluorescence, Microscopy

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